Documentation Guidelines 
North East School District


MLA FORMAT 
FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES

Book Entries | Periodical Entries | Encyclopedias
Electronic Database and Internet Resources | Other Resources

Parenthetical Documentation | Plagiarism

Book Entries
You must double-space within and between entries.

Most of the possible components of a book entry and the order in which they are normally arranged are listed as follows:

 

Author(s). "Title of a part of the book." Title of the book. Name of the editor, translator,
       or compiler. Edition used. Number(s) of the volume(s) used. Name of the series.

       Place of publication: Name of publisher, date of publication. Page numbers.
       Supplementary bibliographic information and annotation.

Below are examples of the most commonly used entries. Others may be found on pages 147-235 in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Sixth Edition.


Book by One Author
Gardner, John. Grendel. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.  

Book by Two or Three Authors
Archer, Elaine, Suzanne Holman, and Angela Sullivan. Women of the Western Plains. Chicago: Lone

Star Press, 1998.

Book by More than Three Authors
McDaniel, David, et al. Ocean Disasters of the Twentieth Century. London: Monarch Press, 1996.

Book by a Corporate Author
American Diabetes Association.  Living with Diabetes. New York:  Random House, 1994.   

Book-Anonymous Author
A Guide to Touring Italy. Dallas: University of Dallas Press, 1999.

Multi-Volume Book
Jones, Harold L., ed. The Official Work of Stephen King. 2 vols. San Diego: Waterfront, 1989.

Book-In a Series
Shain, Charles E. "F. Scott Fitzgerald." American Writers. Ed. Leonardo Unger. Vol.4. New York:

Scribners, 1974. 77-1000.

Critical Review
Losey. Brent. "I See You." A Collection of Personal Poetry. Ed. James Graham. St. Louis: Ocean 

Front Press, 1996. 47-48.

Book-One Editor
Porter, Roberta, ed. The Viewer’s Eye: A Critical Study of Advertising. New York: Holt, 1987.

Book-Two or Three Editors
Wong, Paul, and Cedric Rollins, eds. The History of the Calvary. Princeton: Princeton Press, 1978.

Book-More than Three Editors
Miller, Jason, et al., eds. Teaching Poe. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998.

A Translation
Dostoevsky, Fedor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonshy. New

York: Vintage, 1996.

Anthology of Previously Published Articles
Norris, Matt. "A Real DogFight: Analyzing the Hound of the Baskervilles." English Literary Work 76

(1989): 133-140. Rpt. Twentieth-Century Literacy Criticism. Ed. Juan de Rodriquez.

Vol. 43. New York: Norton, 1999. 230-237.

An Article in a Reference Book
"Feminism." The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. Ed. Alan Bullock and Stephen Trombley.

New York: Vintage, 1996.

Introduction, Preface, Foreword or Afterword
Klar, Fred. Introduction. Blue Skies. By Richard Upton. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1987. v-x.

A Pamphlet (Treat as a book)
Building a Fountain. San Diego: Home Institute, 1978.

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Abbreviations for Missing Information
N.p.  No place of publication
n.p.   No publisher
n.d.      No date of publication
n.pag.   No pages

Periodical Entries
Author(s). “Article Title.”  Periodical Title. Date: Inclusive pages.   

Magazine or Periodical
Cooper, Jessica. "Viet Nam Nurses." Time. 17 March 1989: 89-103.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal with Continuous Pagination
Nabokov, Fladimir."The Thunderstorm." Literary Cavalcade. January 2000: 12-14.

Newspaper
Flowers, Benjamin. "Cash for College." Washington Times. 8 April, late Ed.: E9.

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Encyclopedias
Author(s). “Article Title.”  Encyclopedia Title. Edition. Date.   

Encyclopedia with Author (omit vol. and page numbers if alphabetically arranged)
Schmidt, Reba. "Rabbits." World Book Encyclopedia. 7th ed. 1975.

Encyclopedia without Author (do not cite editor of reference work)
"Ross, Betsy." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1986.

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Electronic Databases and Internet Resources

Some of the following citations have been adapted for high school use. For a fuller explanation of
electronic publication documentation see
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers,
Sixth Edition. pages 207-230.

Author(s). "Document Title". Information about print publication* to include Publication Title Vol.Issue
 

       (
Date): page numbers. Information about electronic publication to include Database Used.
 

       Date of access <URL>. 


If the URL is extremely long, use site's home page. If all of the above information is not given, cite what is available.

*For formatting information about the print publication see sections above.

Article in an Electronic Database
Bauerle, Bill. "Tree Placement: Does it Really Matter?"  American Nurseryman. 201.2 (2005):28-30. 
     
Mas Ultra. EBSCO. 26 Apr. 2005 <http://epnet.com>. 

"The Abolition Movement." ABC_Clio American History. 27 Oct. 2005
     
 <http://www.americanhistory.abc-clio.com>. 

Article in an Electronic Encyclopedia
"Transcendentalism." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2005.

 Britannica Online School Edition. 29 May 2005 <http://school.eb.com>.
 

Kastan, David Scott.  "Shakespeare, William." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 13

      May 2002 <http://encarta.msn.com>.

Professional or Corporate Website  
Title of the site. Name of Editor if given. Date of publication/revision.  Electronic publication information
 
     to include
name of sponsoring institution or organization. Date of access
 
     <electronic address or URL>.

CNN.com. 2005. Cable News Network. 2 March 2004 <http://www.cnn.com>.

Personal Website or Homepage
Author(s). Home page. Date of posting/revision.  Date of access <electronic address or URL>.
 

Hart, Michael. Home page. 12 June 2000. 14 May 2003 < http://promo.net/hart/>.

Article or Page on a Website  
Author(s). “Title of Article or Page.” Name of Web Site. Date of last update or revision.  Name

     of sponsoring institution or organization. Date of access <electronic address or URL>.

"America in the 1930s Project." Ed. Kathleen M. Hogan. 1998. University of

Virginia. 3 March 1999 <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/FILM/lorentz/front.html/>.

Online Book
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. London, 1906. Project Guttenberg.

Ed. Pietro Di Miceli. June 1992. University of Illinois at Urbana. 15 June 2000

<ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext92/scrlt11.txt>.

Poem
Frost, Robert. "The Road Not Taken." The Poetry of Robert Frost. Ed. Edward

Connery Lathem. 1944. Favorite Poem Project. 15 November 1999

Boston University. 13 February 2000 <http://www.favoritepoem.org/poems/frost/>.

E-mail
Author, "Title of message (from subject line)." E-mail to (name of recipient). Date of message.

Burns, Jane. "Writing Catch 22." E-mail to the author. 12 February 2000.

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OTHER RESOURCES

Interview
Grisham, John. Interview. All Things Considered. Natl. Public Radio. KSTX, San Antonio. 10 Oct. 1998.

TV or Radio Program
“Title of the Episode or Segment.”  Title of the Program. Narrator, director etc. if pertinent.
 
       Title of SeriesName of the network. Call letters, city of the local station. Broadcast date.

"The First Americans." Narr. Hugh Downs.  Writ. and prod. Craig Haffner.  NBC News
      SpecialKNSD, San Diego. 6 April 1994.

Jaws. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Roy Scheider, Robert Shaw, and Richard Dreyfuss. Universal

Pictures. 1975.

Audio Recording
Author or performer. “Title of Song.” Title of Recording. Performance group, conductor and

     soloists (classical recordings). Publisher or Record Label, Year.

Lennon, John and Paul McCartney. “Come Together.” Abbey Road. EMI Records, 1987.

Handel, Georg Friedrich. “Suite No. 1 F Major.” Water Music Concerto Grosso Op. 3 No. 3.
      London Festival Orchestra. Cond. Ross Pople. Arte Nova, 1995.

Film or Video Recording
Title. Director. Performers if pertinent. Distributor, Year. Add Date Accessed <URL> when using a Streaming Video.

Jaws. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Roy Scheider, Robert Shaw, and Richard Dreyfuss. Universal

Pictures. 1975.

Danny the Dinosaur. Weston Wood. 1990. United Learning.

30 Nov. 2001 <http://www.klrn.unitedstreaming.com>.

Work of Art, Photo or Image
Artist. Title of work. Name of institution, City. Add Date Accessed  <URL> when using online source.

DaVinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. The Louvre, Paris.

O'Sullivan, Timothy H. Incidents of war. 1865. Selected Civil War Photographs
      from the Library of Congress, 1861-1865.
      4 Jan. 2003 <http://memory.loc.gov/ammen/cwphome.html>

 

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Guidelines for Parenthetical Documentation within Text

Work by One Author  
Give the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses.

Trains were once popular modes of transportation (White 8). 

If you mention the author’s last name in the sentence, give only the page number in parentheses.

According to Larry White, trains were once popular modes of transportation (8).

Work by More than One Author  
Give the authors’ last names in the same order as stated on the Works Cited page and the page number in parentheses: (Jones and Miller 639). If a source has more than three authors, give the first author’s last name follow by et al. and the page number: (Jones et al. 88)

Work with No Author Given 
Give the title (or a shortened version of it) and the page number: (Railroads 11)

One of Two or More Works by the Same Author  
Give the author’s last name, the title or a shortened version of it, and the page number: (Reese, Planes 25)

Corporate Author 
If a book or other work was written by a committee or task force, it is said to have a corporate author. If the corporate name is long, include it in the text (rather than in parentheses) to avoid disrupting the flow of writing. Use a shortened form of the name in the text and in references after the full name has been used at least once. Example: Use Education Committee in place of Education Committee Task Force for Secondary Rural Schools after the full name has been used at least once.

The finding of the Education Committee's report proves that students in rural school have fewer cases of violence than inner city schools.

Indirect or Secondary Sources 
When citing an indirect source (someone's remarks published in a second source) use the abbreviation qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source.
  Shakespeare was an economic backer for the Globe Theatre "which was burned to the ground after a performance" (qtd. in Smith 97).

Cite verse, plays, and poems by division--act, scene, canto, book, part--and line, using Arabic numerals for the divisions unless otherwise instructed. Use periods to separate the various numbers. If citing lines only, use the word line or lines in the first reference and numbers in additional references.

In the second act of the play, Sammy says, "I don’t care/Why should you?" (2.3.144-45).

Note: A diagonal line is used to show each new line of verse. 

Verse quotations of more than three lines should be indented one inch (ten spaces) and double-spaced.

Each line of the poem or play begins a new line of the quotation; do not run the lines together.

William Beauchamp’s poem "The Ocean" contains layer upon layer of specific details:

The Ocean was blue ` Beyond the horizon.

Only we could not see

The bright orange sun,. . . (12-13)

Literary Works: Prose 
To site prose (novels, short stories, etc.), list more than the page number of the work available in several editions. Give the page reference first, and then add a chapter, section, or book number in abbreviated form after a semicolon.

In The Car Wreck, Juan Carlos describes the emotional trauma of the incident as "no squealing of tires, only gnashing metal penetrated the lives of the two young women" (23; ch. 3). 

When quoting prose that takes more than four typed lines, indent each line of the quotation one inch (10 spaces) and double space it. In this case, put the parenthetical citation outside the end punctuation mark of the quotation itself.

Two or More Works Cited at the Same Place 
Use a semicolon to separate the entries:  (Morris et al. 89; Riley)

Electronic Sources 
Give the author’s last name, or if no author is named, give the title:  ("Ocean Storms")

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Plagiarism

Definition of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the presentation of another writer’s ideas or words as if they were your own, without acknowledging the source.

Examples of Plagiarism
The brief passage below is taken from page 72 of the book Norman Mailer by Philip Bufithis (Ungar, 1978). Examples of how the passage might be plagiarized follow below.

Original Quote

To any reader who accepts the terms of Mailer’s vision, this book generates intoxication hope, for Rojack is a pioneer of the spirit: his explanations give us a felt sense of expanding possibilities for the self. Mailer has defined character what the classic American heroes of James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville tried to do before him-get away from the enfeeblements of civilization, the crush of history.

Copying Word for Word Without Quotation Marks or Acknowledging the Author the Source

To any reader who accepts the terms of Mailer’s vision, this book generates intoxicating hope, for Rojack is a pioneer of the spirit: his explorations give is a felt sense of expanding possibilities for the self. Mailer has defined character in this novel as an endless series of second chances.

Use of Some Key Words or Phrases Without Quotation Marks or Acknowledging the Author or the Source

An American Dream may be seen as an optimistic book, for Rojack is a pioneer of the spirit. He is an example of character defined as an endless series of second chances.

Note:  Whether many or only a few key phrases are copied, they should be in quotation marks, with a source and author cited.

Paraphrasing, giving No Author or Source Credit

Rojack falls in the line of other American classic heroes created by James Fenimore Cooper and Herman Melville in his ardent individualism and his desire to escape the debilitating confines of society and accumulated weight of history.

Using an Author’s Idea Without Crediting the Author or the Source

Rojack can be viewed as another Ahab or Deerslayer in his willingness to push the limits of his spiritual potential in the face of an inherently hostile universe. He struggles to redefine himself, in spite of the risk of self-destruction.

Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism

What To Do

  • Indicate clearly when you use anything from another writer’s work, even if only a phrase or single key word, by using quotation marks.

  • When summarizing or paraphrasing distinguish clearly where the ideas of others end and your own comments begin.

  • When using a writer’s idea, credit the author by name and also cite the work in which you found the idea.

  • Provide a new citation when using additional information from a previously cited work.

  • Err on the side of caution by giving credit whenever you suspect you are using information, other than general knowledge, from a source.

What Not To Do

  • Do not use facts, details, or ideas from a source without indication in some way that you are doing so.

  • Do not confuse your own ideas with others’ ideas discovered during your research. Even if your ideas resemble another writers, you must credit that writer and the work in which the idea is shared.

From WRITE FOR COLLEGE by Patrick Sebranek, Verne Meyer, and Dave Kemper. Copyright ă 1997 by Great Source Education Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

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North East ISD
San Antonio, Texas
April 2005